Pickling Agitation Tank

— Pickling Agitation Tank: Acid Strength, Temperature and Agitation as One Design Unit

A pickling agitation tank is a corrosion-resistant vessel whose mixer circulates acid over metal or specialty material. Key functions and uses. Descaling immerses steel, copper and stainless parts in hydrochloric, sulfuric or nitric-hydrofluoric acid. Specialised processing strips calcium carbonate from activated carbon in a gold carbon-in-leach plant at 3 to 5 per cent hydrochloric acid with a low-wear stirrer, reopening pores without gold-carrying fines; steel descaling runs 10 to 30 per cent at up to 60 °C. Uniformity. Agitation stops the bath stratifying, so a titration represents the load. Construction and design features. Shell and lining are polypropylene, PPH, HDPE or PVDF, or rubber- and FRP-lined steel; stainless suits a dilute, cool bath, PVDF or a lining the hot or fluoride duty. Agitation is a low-wear impeller, or an eductor loop where air must be kept out; connections cover heating, extraction sized on the agitated load, and dosing.

Product Overview

The tank holds an acid solution and a solid in contact and keeps the solid moving while the acid attacks whatever is on its surface — mill scale and rust on steel, calcium carbonate and base-metal scale on activated carbon, oxide on anode slime or electronic scrap. It is not a container with a motor on top but a contact reactor whose job is to ensure that no surface is starved of fresh acid and none is attacked longer or harder than it should be — which is why the same shell, lined or unlined, is a good tank on one duty and a bad one on the next.

Acid strength, temperature and agitation are not independent. Strength sets how much coating can be dissolved before the bath is exhausted; temperature sets the rate, roughly doubling for each ten to fifteen degrees; agitation changes neither, but it changes the local concentration at the solid’s surface, which is what starves the reaction when it is missing. Contact time pays for the other three, and every hour spent compensating for a bath too cold or too weak is an hour in which the acid also attacks the metal underneath. The upper limit of agitation is the one usually ignored: on activated carbon it is attrition, and the fines carry adsorbed gold out of the circuit, so a carbon acid wash is a low-shear duty with an impeller designed for it rather than selected for power; on steel it is pitting, with the hydrogen evolved at the surface clinging to the work if it is not swept away. The lower limit is the just-suspended condition, which the Zwietering correlation expresses in terms of particle size, the density difference between solid and liquid, and the solids loading.

The method matters as much as the intensity, and on an acid bath the deciding argument is usually fumes. Air blown through a hydrochloric acid bath does little for the pickling rate and a great deal for the acid loss, because every bubble presents a fresh surface to the headspace, saturates itself with acid vapour and carries it into the exhaust; published practitioner consensus is therefore to use eductor agitation — a chemical-resistant pump pushing the bath through nozzles that entrain several times their own flow — or mechanical agitation, and to attack rate through temperature and concentration. Material then follows from the acid and temperature pair, and that is where most projects go wrong: polypropylene and PPH carry hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at industrial strengths inside the polymer’s continuous limit, HDPE does the same colder with better impact behaviour, PVDF takes the hot and oxidising duties and the small parts that decide whether a tank leaks long before its shell fails, and hot concentrated acid against austenitic stainless steel is a chloride environment in which grades 304 and 316 crack by stress corrosion in the region of sixty degrees and above. Because polypropylene circulates at two published temperatures — a material figure near one hundred degrees and a continuous self-supporting service limit nearer eighty — the tank is bought on the second. Three things then complete the vessel: the vapour space, specified for condensing vapour rather than as an extension of the bath; the fume route, sized on the agitated case and interlocked; and the effluent route, because hydrochloric spent liquor regenerates by pyrohydrolysis, sulfuric liquor crystallises to copperas, and where neither exists the liquor is neutralised with lime at about a kilogram per kilogram of hydrochloric acid, giving a chloride load or a gypsum sludge to dewater.

Product Core Selling Points

The duty is written as four numbers before a tank is quoted — contaminant and mass per batch, acid and strength window with bath temperature, the agitation window, and the contact time those buy.
The acid demand is computed and handed over — 0.73 kg of HCl per kg of calcium carbonate, 1.37 kg per kg of iron oxide scale, 1.31 kg per kg of iron dissolved — with the excess the duty needs.
The agitation window is published with both ends — off-bottom suspension below, attrition or over-attack above — so the operator knows which way each end lies.
The agitation method is chosen on fumes and acid loss as well as mixing, with air sparging offered only where the chemistry allows it and the exhaust is sized for the extra vapour load it creates.
The material is fixed by the acid and temperature pair, not by the word acid — polypropylene and HDPE inside their continuous limits, PVDF for hot, oxidising or fluoride duties, FRP and dual laminate where stiffness decides the wall, lined steel for large aggressive work.
The continuous service limit is used instead of the headline temperature, with the proposal stating which published polypropylene figure it used and what the self-supporting limit costs in support and wall thickness.
The vapour space and the liquid are specified as two environments — headspace lining, lid, hood, shaft above the liquid line, mounting plate and fasteners chosen for condensing acid vapour.
The fume route and the cleanout are part of the machine — hood, cover, extraction connection and scrubber interface sized on the agitated case, with a sloped or sumped bottom, a drain sized for the residue and a screen for the fines.
Hydrogen and cyanide are process hazards, not site matters. Hydrogen per kg of iron is computed, the extraction is interlocked, and the separation from any cyanide circuit is drawn, because a shared drain can undo a physical separation in one shift.
The acceptance is a measurement on treated material — calcium removal, free acid before and after contact, residual scale on a sectioned part, mass loss on a weighed sample or the spent-liquor analysis.

Application Scenarios

Acid washing of activated carbon in a gold carbon-in-leach plant. Dilute hydrochloric acid dissolves the calcium carbonate and base-metal scale blocking the carbon’s pores, at a few per cent acid and deliberately gentle agitation because carbon attrition is a gold loss. The vessel sits between the elution column and the regeneration kiln.
Batch descaling of fabricated steel before coating, plating or galvanizing. Frames, brackets, fasteners and repair parts in hydrochloric acid at ambient to about sixty degrees, with agitation keeping acid moving in recesses where a still bath leaves scale that later fails the coating.
Continuous and batch pickling of wire, rod, strip, tube and rack-loaded parts. An elongated tank matched to line speed and immersion length where the product passes through, or a basket tank sized to the rack and hoist travel, with the agitation arranged so the parts nearest the impeller and those at the far end see the same bath.
Descaling heat-exchanger tubes, pipe internals and small vessels by filling and circulating, with the tank as the reservoir holding acid at temperature and strength while the loop does the agitation work inside the part.
Oxide removal from copper, brass and their alloys in warm sulfuric acid, where the acid follows the oxide chemistry rather than the price and the material suits a bath hot at one end of the range and dilute at the other.
Stainless-steel pickling and passivation. Nitric and hydrofluoric mixed acid removes the chromium-depleted layer and embedded iron left by welding and forming — the duty that puts the vessel outside polypropylene and rules out glass-lined equipment.
Acid washing of anode slime, leach residue, filter cake, dross and electronic scrap fractions in a precious-metal circuit — decopperising, desalting and de-leading washes, and the stripping of solder and surface oxide before a leaching or smelting route, where the liquor is a value stream rather than a waste.
Removal of tin, lead and zinc coatings from copper and steel, where the acid is chosen for the coating and not the base metal and the reaction must stop at the interface, which makes agitation control and endpoint analysis the two things that decide the yield.
De-scaling refinery and petrochemical equipment before inspection, with the spent acid routed to neutralisation and the clean-out arranged so a job-shop batch does not shut the whole unit, and laboratory and pilot work in small vessels carrying the same instrumentation as the production unit — acid metering, temperature control, agitation speed recording, a sampling point — so a campaign can be proved on ten litres before a full tank is built.

Applicable Raw Materials

Granular activated carbon loaded, stripped or scaled in gold service, carrying calcium carbonate, magnesium salts and base-metal scale, where the acid dissolves the carbonate and leaves the carbon structure alone. Output: carbon with its pores reopened and its adsorption activity restored for the return to the circuit or the regeneration kiln.
Anode slime from copper and lead electrorefining, a fine dense solid carrying selenium, tellurium, copper, lead and precious metals. Output: a washed slime with a lower base-metal content and a higher precious-metal grade, ready for the refining route.
Leach residues, jarosite, goethite and gypsum-bearing cakes that must be washed free of entrained soluble metal, acid or cyanide before disposal, storage or sale. Output: a residue whose soluble fraction has been displaced into a treatable liquor and whose analysis is stable enough to sample.
Steel and iron fabrications carrying mill scale, rust and weld oxide — hot-rolled sections, plate, pipe, weldments and forgings that must be bare before galvanizing, plating or coating. Output: a bare, chemically active steel surface at a stated residual-scale limit.
Wire rod, drawn wire, strip, coil and tube stock whose scale is removed in line, where the bath accumulates dissolved iron faster than a batch process. Output: cleaned wire, strip or tube at line speed, prepared for drawing, coating or annealing.
Fasteners, castings, machined parts and small components in baskets, whose recesses, threads and blind holes require agitation to renew acid inside the features rather than only across the surface. Output: parts clean inside the features as well as outside, at a stated cycle time and bath strength.
Copper, brass and bronze parts carrying oxide and tarnish, descaled in warm sulfuric acid with strength and temperature set so the base metal is not attacked once the oxide has gone, and stainless steel after welding, machining or forming, whose chromium-depleted layer and embedded iron must come off before a corrosive service. Output: bright metal at a controlled metal loss, and a passivated stainless surface with the free-iron contamination removed, produced in a bath polypropylene cannot hold.
Printed circuit board fractions, connectors and metal-bearing electronic scrap washed or partially stripped before a leaching or smelting route. Output: a washed, solder-reduced fraction whose downstream recovery is not contaminated by the coating that used to be on it.
Tin-, lead- and zinc-coated copper and steel, where the coating is the target and the base metal the product, and precious-metal-bearing sludges, precipitates and cementates washed free of entrained mother liquor before drying, melting or analysis. Output: de-coated base metal at a controlled metal loss, a liquor carrying the coating metal, and a washed intermediate at a declared residual-entrainment figure.
Dross, ash and smelter by-products washed before sale or disposal, so the material can be shipped, stored or landfilled against a leaching test. Output: a washed by-product that passes the applicable leach test, with the soluble fraction transferred to a liquor.
Materials refused at the specification stage — glass and glass-lined components on any fluoride duty; polypropylene on nitric and hydrofluoric mixed acid or hot oxidising acids; polypropylene on aromatic and chlorinated solvents; austenitic stainless steel in hot concentrated chloride; cyanide-bearing solids or liquors in any acid vessel, because the mixture liberates hydrogen cyanide. Output: a refusal with the mechanism stated, and a route to the correct material, acid or process.

Finished Products

A solid whose surface contaminant has been removed to a stated figure. Carbon with its calcium reduced to what the elution and regeneration circuit needs, steel at a defined residual-scale limit, slime with its base-metal content driven down — released against a measured removal figure rather than an operator’s judgement. Output: treated solids at the acceptance figure the duty was written against.
A bath whose strength and metal content are known at discharge — free acid titrated, dissolved metal analysed, temperature recorded, and the liquor returned to the bath, advanced to recovery or sent to neutralisation against those numbers. Output: a spent or partly spent liquor with its analysis attached at the point it leaves the vessel.
A cleaned and de-coated metal product at a controlled metal loss, because a pickle that removes the coating and one per cent of the part is not the same product as one that removes the coating alone. Output: de-coated metal with its loss measured and its coating removal confirmed.
Activated carbon with its adsorption activity restored and its fines controlled, the fines generated being screened out and accounted for, because that fraction is the part of the gold balance the vessel is capable of losing. Output: regenerated carbon at a stated fines generation figure and a measured calcium removal.
A homogeneous, samplable and pumpable slurry, where the job is to bring a cake, sludge or settled solid back into suspension so a pump can move it and a sampler can represent it. Output: a homogeneous slurry at a declared solids content, delivered to the next stage.
A liquor carrying a value stream rather than a disposal problem, where the wash dissolves a metal worth recovering — copper from slime, tin or lead from a coating, zinc from a dross — with the window set so it enters solution selectively enough for the recovery step to work. Output: a loaded liquor at a concentration the recovery step can take, with impurities below their limits.
A quantified residue, acid and campaign record — acid consumed per tonne of treated solid, the residue and sludge the vessel generates, the wall schedule with its weld or lining test, the agitator’s two limits, and the titration and endpoint definitions that produced a released batch. Output: the record that lets a second shift reproduce the released result, or a corrected setting be written back into the specification.

Pickling Agitation Tank Process Flow

The nine stages below are the working sequence of a pickling job, written at the level above the individual acid. Acid and strength, bath temperature, material of construction and wall schedule, the agitation method with its speed and power, the contact time, the rinse arrangement, the fume route and the effluent destination are all fixed against your solid, your contamination and the discharge limits you have to meet.

Pickling agitation tank working sequence — nine stages from the feed survey that fixes the acid duty through acid selection on stoichiometry, material and temperature window fixing, agitator sizing inside the suspension and attrition window, the agitated contact itself and the discharge and effluent route.

Steps 1 — Feed Condition Survey and Acid Duty Definition. Nothing is chosen before the feed is described as a number: particle size and size distribution, bulk and particle density, the contaminant and its mass per batch, and any constituent hazardous when it meets acid — cyanide, sulphide, fluoride — because a cyanide-bearing solid in an acid vessel is a hydrogen-cyanide generator, not a pickling job. Acid and utility input: a representative sample with its analysis, the solids loading per batch, the target rate and the acceptance figure. Output: a written duty statement naming the contaminant, its mass, the acceptance figure and the excluded constituents.

Steps 2 — Acid Selection and Stoichiometric Acid Demand. The acid follows the contaminant’s chemistry, not its price. Carbonate responds to hydrochloric acid and leaves a soluble chloride; the same carbonate under sulfuric acid forms a sparingly soluble sulfate that can blind the surface, which is why 0.98 kg of sulfuric acid per kg of carbonate is not equivalent to 0.73 kg of hydrochloric acid. Iron oxide scale consumes 1.37 kg of hydrochloric acid per kg and iron metal 1.31 kg per kg, so the acid that removes the scale will also remove metal once the scale has gone, and the free-acid window sits between the strength that finishes the job and the strength that attacks the product. Acid and utility input: the contaminant analysis, the stoichiometric demand for each candidate acid, the free-acid window and the inhibitor decision. Output: a named acid with its strength window, its stoichiometric demand and its expected excess.

Steps 3 — Tank Material and Temperature Window Fixing. Material is settled by the acid and the temperature together, with the temperature read as a continuous service figure rather than a material peak. Polypropylene covers hydrochloric and sulfuric acid inside its continuous limit, published near eighty degrees for a self-supporting wall; nitric and hydrofluoric mixed acid is outside it and moves the vessel to PVDF or a resin-lined construction, and fluoride excludes glass and ceramics. Hot concentrated chloride excludes austenitic stainless steel on stress-corrosion grounds, and the fittings at drains, nozzles and valves are chosen separately from the shell because they fail first. Acid and utility input: the acid and strength, the bath temperature with its continuous and peak values, the candidate materials’ property data and the available fitting materials. Output: a named shell material with its wall schedule, a lining decision where needed, a fitting schedule and a stated temperature window.

Steps 4 — Tank Fabrication, Lining and Fitting Selection. The vessel is built to the duty rather than a stock size: working volume from the batch, freeboard from the foam and splash the agitator creates, wall thickness from the hydrostatic head at temperature without losing the self-supporting condition, and a bottom sloped or sumped so residue leaves with the liquor. Lined steel is lined to a written procedure and holiday or spark tested, and the vapour-space surfaces — lid, hood, shaft above the liquid line, mounting plate — get the specification condensing acid requires. Acid and utility input: the fabricated shell, welding or lining consumables, the nozzle and drain schedule, and the hydrostatic or spark test. Output: a vessel with a fabrication record, a tested weld or lining, and a headspace finished for the vapour.

Steps 5 — Agitator Sizing and Agitation Method Selection. The agitator is sized, not chosen. The lower limit is the just-suspended condition, expressed through the Zwietering correlation from particle size, the density difference between solid and liquid and the solids loading; the upper limit is the attrition or over-attack condition — on activated carbon the fines that carry gold out of the circuit, on metal the pitting adhering hydrogen causes. Impeller type, diameter and speed are set inside that window, the absorbed power follows the impeller’s power number, and circulation is checked against the volume, because a turnover time longer than the contact time starves part of the load. Acid and utility input: the impeller power number and pumping capacity, the drive and gearbox, the eductor pump and nozzles, and the shaft and impeller material matched to liquid and vapour. Output: an impeller type, diameter, speed and installed power, a stated agitation window with both limits, and a documented method choice.

Steps 6 — Charging, Acid Make-Up and Bath Strength Control. Water goes in first and acid into the water, never the reverse, because dilution is exothermic and the order of addition is what keeps the operator out of the splash; strength is then established by titration or density and recorded. The make-up routine holds the bath between a minimum free acid, below which scale removal stalls and dissolved iron can hydrolyse into a sludge on the solid, and a maximum, above which fume, acid loss and attack on the base metal rise together. Acid and utility input: process water, acid, inhibitor and make-up reagents, the titration or density equipment, and the loading arrangement the agitation can carry. Output: a bath at a recorded strength and temperature, with the load charged in a pattern the agitation can carry.

Steps 7 — Agitated Contact at the Set Temperature and Time. The contact runs at the strength and temperature the specification names, with agitation inside its window and the time counted from the moment the load is fully wetted rather than the moment it was lowered in. Temperature is held by a heater, steam coil or heat tracing with the reading taken where the load actually is rather than at the wall, and the shaft, mounting and hood are watched as the surfaces where a vapour-space failure shows first. The contact ends on evidence — a titration, a sample or a measured mass loss — because a load left in for the convenience of the shift is where over-pickling and metal loss are generated. Acid and utility input: steam, electricity or hot water for the bath temperature, inhibitor at its maintained concentration, the agitation drive inside its window and the extraction running throughout. Output: treated solids brought to the acceptance figure, with the bath analysis confirming the contact was complete.

Steps 8 — Discharge, Rinse and Residue Handling. The load comes out and the acid comes off it, because acid carried out on a load is acid carried into the next tank, the effluent and the product. The rinse is staged, counter-current where the volume justifies the plumbing, and the first and strongest rinse is normally returned to the bath rather than sent to drain. The vessel is then emptied: liquor to its destination, settled residue through the drain or sump, and the fines caught on the screen weighed, because that fraction is what the agitation produced and it belongs in the mass balance. Acid and utility input: rinse water in the staged or counter-current arrangement, drainage to a bunded and segregated route, a residue screen or filter, and the vessel’s own wash-down. Output: rinsed solids at a controlled residual acidity, the spent liquor to its destination, and a weighed residue stream.

Steps 9 — Fume Extraction, Effluent Neutralisation and Reset. The extraction is confirmed running and holding the headspace under negative pressure before the vessel is reloaded, because the acid vapour, the hydrogen evolved from ferrous work and any hydrogen cyanide from a mis-routed cyanide stream all leave through that route and none is acceptable in the breathing zone. The spent liquor is then neutralised or routed to recovery: lime at about 1.02 kg of slaked lime per kg of hydrochloric acid or 0.76 kg per kg of sulfuric acid, producing a chloride load in the effluent or a gypsum sludge to dewater. Acid and utility input: extraction with a scrubber where the load requires it, lime or caustic for neutralisation, the sludge dewatering route, and inspection and replacement parts. Output: a compliant stack and effluent, a dewatered residue or a regenerated acid, and a vessel reset and released for the next campaign.

Product Structure (Main Equipment)

Shell, lining and vapour space

The shell in the material the acid and temperature pair allows — polypropylene and PPH welded plate for hydrochloric and sulfuric acid inside the polymer’s continuous limit; HDPE where impact during loading governs; PVDF where the bath is hot, oxidising or carries fluoride; FRP and dual laminate where stiffness decides the wall; lined carbon steel for large aggressive duties.
Wall thickness, stiffening and the self-supporting condition. The wall is sized on the hydrostatic head and the service temperature, and where the temperature approaches the material’s continuous limit the specification adds external support and a heavier wall, because a thermoplastic wall adequate at ambient creeps when it is hot and full.
Lining and coating on the vapour-side surfaces as well as the wetted ones — headspace wall, lid, hood, top flange underside and agitator mounting plate finished for condensing acid vapour, with holidays found by spark test, because a pinhole in a vapour-space lining fails locally and spreads.
Bottom configuration, sump, drainage and containment — sloped bottom or full drain sump, a drain sized for the residue as well as the liquor, a bottom that can be reached for cleanout, and a bund, spill basin or double-wall construction with level or leak detection underneath.

Agitation, drive and internals

Impeller designed for the duty’s two limits rather than selected for power — a low-shear wide, pitched or hydrofoil impeller running slowly where the solid is brittle and attrition is a value loss, as on activated carbon; a pitched-blade or turbine pattern where the solid is dense and true off-bottom suspension is required; a geometry that sweeps the bottom and the walls rather than only the centre.
Shaft, coupling and the section above the liquid line. The shaft is sized on torque and on the bending load the impeller’s thrust imposes, and its material suits the two environments it crosses: the immersed part sees the bath, the part above the liquid line sees condensing acid vapour and is frequently the first component to fail.
Drive, gearbox and speed selection with the agitation window written on it — sized for starting torque as well as running torque, with a variable-speed drive where a duty has to be tuned inside its window during commissioning and both limits documented so an operator knows which way each end lies.
Arrangement chosen from the vessel’s shape — top-entry centre mounting where the vessel is open or has a removable cover; side-entry or angled mounting where it is large or has an aspect ratio one centre impeller cannot cover; several impellers or a circulation circuit along an elongated line tank; and eductor agitation where an impeller is unsuitable or air is excluded.
Baffles, draft tube, dip pipe, nozzle schedule and internals — baffles to stop the batch rotating as a solid body, a draft tube for a controlled circulation path, a dip pipe for reagent addition below the surface, a sampling line that represents the bath rather than its top layer, because a bath left still stratifies and the strength a titration reports then belongs to the sample point rather than to the load, and every connection listed with its material, size and function, with PVDF or a fluoropolymer at the connections exposed to the hot or aggressive end.

Acid handling, fume and effluent services

Acid storage, metering and the make-up sequence — acid from its own bunded storage through a metered or weighed addition, water in the tank first and acid added into the water, with pipework and pump materials chosen for the concentrated acid rather than the diluted bath; the make-up station is where an acid tank’s worst accidents happen.
Heating, temperature control and the reading position — a steam coil, immersion heater, external heat tracing or jacket, selected against the acid’s behaviour on the heated surface, because a coil in a sulfuric bath collects scale and an immersion heater in a chloride bath is a corrosion site; the temperature is measured where the load is, not at the wall.
Fume hood, extraction connection, scrubber interface and duct materials — a partial or full cover, a lateral or rim extraction hood, a packed or spray absorption stage with caustic or lime matched to the acid and the extraction rate, and a duct sized on the agitated vapour load in materials chosen for wet acid vapour, with a low-point drain.
Neutralisation, sludge handling and the spent-liquor destination — a neutralisation zone where the liquor meets lime or caustic under agitation and pH control, then settlement, filtration or dewatering for the sludge, with the chloride or sulfate load in the final effluent matched to the discharge consent; on a large line, pyrohydrolysis or copperas crystallisation is evaluated at specification stage.
Instrumentation, interlocks and the records the campaign leaves behind — bath level, temperature, pH or titration point, extraction running, drive running and a leak alarm, with the extraction interlocked so the vessel cannot be loaded with the fan off, and acid consumption, bath analyses and acceptance results logged as the campaign record.

Product Features

The specification is written as an acid duty, not a tank size. Contaminant, its mass per batch and the acceptance figure come first, and the volume, wall and agitator follow, so a buyer can check the proposal against the arithmetic instead of against a familiar capacity.
The acid bill is computed from stoichiometry and published per tonne — 0.73, 1.37 and 1.31 kg of hydrochloric acid per kg of calcium carbonate, iron oxide scale and dissolved iron respectively — with the excess the duty needs stated, so operating cost is a number at specification stage rather than a discovery at the third invoice.
The acid choice is made on the contaminant’s chemistry rather than price, because a carbonate job is a solubility decision before a price decision: sulfuric acid leaves a sparingly soluble sulfate that can blind the solid and stop the reaction.
The agitation window is documented at both ends — off-bottom suspension at the lower, attrition or over-attack at the upper — with the impeller, speed and power that sit between them, so the first thing an operator changes is a decision the specification anticipated.
The agitation method is a fume decision and is treated as one. Air sparging into an acid bath is offered only where the chemistry allows it and the exhaust is sized for what it carries; on hydrochloric acid the proposal names eductors or mechanical agitation and explains why.
The temperature limit is quoted as continuous service with the material’s peak alongside it, the two published polypropylene figures reconciled on the drawing together with what the higher band costs, because ignoring the distinction produces a wall that creeps rather than one that cracks.
The vapour space and the bath are specified as two different environments. Lid, hood, headspace lining, shaft above the liquid line, mounting plate and fasteners are chosen for condensing acid vapour — the side of an acid vessel that fails first and the side most specifications omit.
Cleanout, effluent and acceptance are designed with the vessel — sloped or sumped bottom, a drain sized for the solid as well as the liquor, a screen for the fines, access that needs no confined-space entry, a spent-liquor destination with its lime consumption and sludge load known, and a release figure measured on the customer’s own material rather than on a sample the supplier selected.

Technical Parameters And Specifications

Parameter values are the process design basis for the range. Working volume, wall thickness, agitator type and power, acid strength, bath temperature and contact time are engineered to your solid, its contaminant, your discharge limits and the material your acid allows, not selected from a model list; figures from published practice are given with their source range.

Parameter	Specification
Product type	Pickling agitation tank — an agitated, corrosion-resistant contact vessel supplied as a working unit: shell and lining, agitator and drive, heating, loading arrangement, fume extraction interface, drainage and residue handling
Duty families in scope	Activated carbon acid washing; ferrous and non-ferrous pickling and descaling; stainless-steel pickling and passivation; acid washing of anode slime, leach residue and filter cake; de-coating of tin, lead and zinc; washing of dross and smelter by-products
Working volume	Engineered to the batch or rate, the solids loading and the freeboard the agitation and foam require; stated with the liquid level, the freeboard and the loading arrangement alongside it
Capacity	Engineered to your solids loading, contaminant mass, contact time and shift pattern; reported as tonnes of treated solid per campaign with the batch weight, cycle time and bath change interval stated together, because a rate without its duty is not a figure
Acids handled	Hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and nitric acid, and nitric with hydrofluoric acid for stainless work; fluoride duties are routed to PVDF or a resin-lined construction
Acid strength, hydrochloric	10 to 30 per cent for metal pickling in published fabricator practice, and 3 to 5 per cent for the acid wash of activated carbon in gold service; working strength set per duty and held by titration
Acid strength, sulfuric	10 to 30 per cent in published practice, with temperature deciding whether the bath runs cold or warm; copper and brass descaling runs warm rather than hot
Bath temperature window	Ambient to 60 °C for hydrochloric pickling in published practice; sulfuric to about 80 °C for a self-supporting polypropylene wall; carbon acid washing ambient to about 60 °C, with a hot wash run in the elution circuit rather than the tank
Heating method	Steam coil, immersion heater, external heat tracing or jacket, selected against the acid’s behaviour on the heated surface, with the temperature measured where the load is
Acid demand, carbonate	0.73 kg of HCl per kg of CaCO3, releasing 0.44 kg of CO2; 0.98 kg of H2SO4 per kg of CaCO3 if sulfuric acid is used, forming up to 1.72 kg of gypsum per kg
Acid demand, oxide scale	1.37 kg of HCl per kg of Fe2O3 removed
Acid demand, base metal	1.31 kg of HCl per kg of iron dissolved, with 0.40 Nm3 of hydrogen released per kg; the number the inhibitor and free-acid window are set against
Preferred acid, carbonate solids	Hydrochloric acid, because the product is soluble; sulfuric acid is used where the sulfate is wanted or the liquor is crystallised, accepting the gypsum blind layer
Free acid control	Held between a minimum, below which removal stalls and dissolved metal can hydrolyse onto the solid, and a maximum, above which fume, acid loss and base-metal attack rise together
Bath endpoint	Set on free acid and dissolved metal together: a bath can pass its titration while its dissolved iron has reached the point where removal slows, so the campaign ends on the lower of the two
Material, PP and PPH	Welded plate for hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at industrial strengths inside the polymer’s continuous service limit; welding procedure and its test supplied
Material, HDPE	Used where impact during loading rather than temperature governs; its continuous service temperature is below polypropylene’s, so it is not a drop-in substitute on a warm bath
Material, PVDF	For hot, oxidising and fluoride-bearing duties, and for the fittings at drains, nozzles and valves on aggressive duties
Material, FRP and dual laminate	PP-FRP, PVDF-FRP and equivalents where the vessel is large enough that stiffness decides the wall, with the thermoplastic as the wetted liner and the FRP as structure
Material, lined steel	Rubber- or FRP-lined carbon steel where the duty is aggressive, the vessel large, and the lining can be inspected and repaired in place; lining procedure and holiday test are part of the delivery
Material, stainless steel	Only where the bath is dilute and cool, as on a carbon acid wash, and where the temperature stays clear of chloride stress-corrosion cracking — a design caution in the region of 60 °C and above
Excluded materials	Glass and ceramics on any fluoride duty; polypropylene on nitric and hydrofluoric mixed acid or hot oxidising acids; polypropylene on aromatic and chlorinated solvents; austenitic stainless steel in hot concentrated chloride
Temperature limit basis	The chosen material’s continuous, self-supporting service limit, with its peak temperature stated separately and the external support and heavier wall the higher band requires quoted as a consequence
Wetted and vapour-side surfaces	Specified separately: shell or lining for the liquid, and headspace lining, lid, hood, shaft above the liquid line, mounting plate and fasteners for condensing acid vapour
Agitation methods	Mechanical impeller agitation, eductor (liquid-jet) agitation, and air sparging only where the chemistry allows it and the exhaust is sized for the extra vapour load; air is not recommended in a hydrochloric acid bath
Agitator sizing basis	Sized between the off-bottom suspension condition and the solid’s attrition or over-attack limit, with both limits documented on the machine
Off-bottom suspension	The just-suspended impeller speed, expressed through the Zwietering correlation in terms of particle size, the density difference between solid and liquid, and the solids loading
Agitator power relation	Absorbed power follows the impeller’s power number: power equals power number times liquid density times speed cubed times impeller diameter to the fifth; the drive is sized on starting torque as well as running torque
Worked agitator example	Illustrated arithmetic for a 3 m diameter vessel holding about 25 m3 at a liquid density near 1,100 kg/m3, with a 1.2 m pitched-blade impeller at 60 rpm and a power number of about 1.3: roughly 3.5 kW absorbed, or 0.14 kW/m3. The figures illustrate the method and are not a rating for any vessel
Impeller type	Low-shear wide or pitched patterns where the solid is brittle and attrition is a value loss; pitched-blade or turbine patterns where the solid is dense and true off-bottom suspension is required
Turnover time	Checked against the contact time, because a vessel whose circulation time approaches or exceeds it has part of its load starved of fresh acid
Shaft and impeller materials	Chosen for the two environments the shaft crosses — immersed parts for the bath, the section above the liquid line for the vapour — in polymer, PVDF, rubber-covered or stainless steel as the duty allows
Drive and gearbox	Sized on starting and running torque, with a variable-speed drive where a duty has to be tuned inside its window, and the suspension and attrition limits stated on the operating sheet
Loading arrangement	Baskets, racks, a screen, a dip frame or a transferred slurry, chosen so the agitation reaches every part of the load; a load dumped in a heap has a lower agitation limit than the same load spread through the vessel
Rinse and drag-out	Staged rinse, counter-current where the volume justifies it, with the first and strongest rinse returned to the bath rather than sent to drain
Bottom, drain and residue	Sloped bottom or full drain sump, drain sized for the residue as well as the liquor, and a screen or filter for the fines the agitation generates
Fume extraction	Hood, cover or rim extraction holding the headspace under negative pressure, sized on the agitated vapour load rather than the still-bath load
Design capture velocity	Taken from published open-surface-tank ventilation practice: roughly 0.25 to 0.5 m/s for an ordinary open tank, higher where the bath is agitated or hot, and stated on the drawing so the extraction can be checked
Duct and hood materials	Selected for wet acid vapour rather than dry air, with a low-point drain and a fall so condensate returns to the tank or the scrubber
Scrubber interface	Packed or spray absorption with caustic or lime, matched to the acid and the extraction rate, selected with the tank because the vapour load and the scrubber duty are one calculation
Hydrogen evolution	0.40 Nm3 of hydrogen per kg of iron dissolved, evolved from the metal surface; the extraction is interlocked so the vessel cannot be loaded with the fan off
Cyanide separation	Any acid vessel is separated hydraulically and physically from any cyanide-bearing circuit, because cyanide and acid liberate hydrogen cyanide and free cyanide begins to leave solution below about pH 9.2
Spent liquor destination	Hydrochloric liquor regenerated by pyrohydrolysis to HCl and iron oxide where the volume justifies it; sulfuric liquor crystallised to copperas at about 5 kg of hydrated crystal per kg of dissolved iron
Neutralisation	Lime at about 1.02 kg of slaked lime per kg of HCl, or 0.76 kg per kg of H2SO4 producing 1.39 kg of gypsum per kg of acid, with the chloride or sulfate load matched to the discharge consent
Secondary containment	Bund, spill basin or double-wall construction with level or leak detection arranged so a loss is detected as a loss
Instrumentation	Bath level and temperature, titration or pH point, extraction running, drive running and leak alarm, all with the readings recorded
Interlocks	Extraction interlocked to the loading arrangement, drive protection against overload and loss of rotation, bath temperature limit, and a high-level interlock on the acid make-up line
Records and traceability	Acid consumption per tonne, bath analyses before and after contact, contact time and temperature, agitation settings, welding and lining tests, and the acceptance results, kept as the campaign record
Regulatory hooks	Open-surface-tank ventilation requirements of the applicable occupational standard, the site’s discharge consent for pH, chloride or sulfate and metals, and the leach test applying where a residue is disposed of
Installation and site services	Power with its protection, process water, acid storage with its own bund, steam or electric heating, extraction and scrubber, drainage to a segregated and bunded route, and the floor loading and lifting arrangement taken from the vessel’s real mass
Automation	Acid metering, temperature control, agitation monitoring, extraction confirmation and batch logging under one control arrangement, with the operator display showing the agitation window and bath limits
Consumables and spares	Acid, inhibitor, lime or caustic, gaskets, drain and valve components, impeller and shaft assemblies, eductor pump parts, filters and screens, each with its expected life and separated from warranty items

Acid, Material and Agitation Selection Matrix

The rows below take the same decision across the duty families this vessel serves. Strength, temperature and material are given as published working ranges for selection; the final figures are fixed per duty.

Duty	Acid and strength	Bath temperature	Wetted material	Agitation	What decides it
Activated carbon acid wash, gold CIL/CIP	HCl, 3 to 5 per cent	Ambient to about 60 °C	PP or PPH shell; stainless or polymer wetted parts in the dilute cool bath	Gentle mechanical or eductor, low shear	Calcium removal without carbon attrition, because fines are a gold loss
Carbon rinsing and neutralisation	Water, then dilute caustic	Ambient	PP or PPH	Gentle mechanical or air, since the vapour question does not apply	Returning the carbon towards neutral before adsorption or regeneration
Batch steel descaling before coating or plating	HCl, 10 to 30 per cent	Ambient to 60 °C	PP, PPH or lined steel	Mechanical, eductor where the geometry is awkward	Residual scale limit and metal loss, with the free-acid window between them
Continuous wire, rod, strip and tube pickling	HCl, 10 to 30 per cent	Elevated, 40 to 60 °C	PP or PPH, elongated shell with stiffening	Several impellers along the length or a circulation circuit	Dissolved-iron build-up, faster than in batch work, and line speed
Stainless-steel pickling and passivation	Nitric and hydrofluoric mixed acid	Ambient to warm	PVDF or resin-lined; glass and ceramics excluded	Mechanical, with the nozzles in PVDF	Fluoride, which is outside polypropylene and hostile to glass
Copper and brass descaling	H2SO4, 10 to 30 per cent	Warm rather than hot	PP or PPH, with PVDF at the fittings	Mechanical or eductor	Removing the oxide without dissolving the base metal once the oxide has gone
Anode slime and leach residue washing	Dilute H2SO4 or HCl	Ambient to warm	PP, PPH or lined steel	Mechanical, sized on a dense fine solid	Base-metal removal ahead of the precious-metal separation, with the liquor as a value stream
Electronic scrap and coated metal de-plating	HCl or H2SO4 by coating chemistry	Ambient to 60 °C	PP, PPH or lined steel	Mechanical with a circulation loop	Stopping the reaction at the interface, which makes the endpoint analysis decisive
Dross, ash and smelter by-product washing	Dilute acid or water at controlled pH	Ambient	PP, PPH or lined steel	Mechanical, moderate	Passing the applicable leach test, with the soluble fraction transferred to a liquor
Cyanide-bearing solids or liquors	Refused in any acid vessel	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cyanide and acid liberate hydrogen cyanide; the duty is routed to an alkaline or a separate circuit

Technical Advantages

The vessel is specified against a computed duty, so the quotation can be audited. Acid demand from stoichiometry, agitation from the suspension and attrition window, wall and support from the hydrostatic head at service temperature — each figure has a basis the customer can reproduce, whereas a tank sold on a familiar capacity is found to be wrong only when a campaign fails its acceptance figure.
The agitation window protects the product, not only the process. A vessel sized only for suspension produces fines on activated carbon, and those fines carry adsorbed gold out of the circuit; on steel, over-vigorous agitation pits the surface and hydrogen clinging to the work attacks it locally.
Air is not offered into an acid bath as a default. Published practitioner consensus on hydrochloric acid pickling is that air agitation increases the vapour leaving the bath for very little gain in speed, so the exhaust is sized for what the chosen method carries and the acid loss goes into operating cost rather than into the neighbour’s paintwork.
Eductor agitation is a first-class option rather than an afterthought. A chemical-resistant pump and a set of entraining nozzles give the movement of agitation with no air and therefore no extra vapour carrier — on a hydrochloric acid bath, the difference between a fume problem and a mixing solution.
The temperature limit is handled as creep rather than as a threshold, the two published polypropylene figures differing by about twenty degrees, which is the difference between a material’s peak and a self-supporting wall’s continuous limit; the proposal uses the second and states what the higher band costs.
The material decision is decomposed instead of summarised as corrosion resistant. Shell, lining, headspace surfaces, nozzles, drain, valve, gasket, fastener, shaft, impeller, hood and duct each get their own material, because a tank correct in its shell and wrong in its drain valve leaks exactly like one that was wrong everywhere.
The acid and the effluent are treated as one cost. Sulfuric acid is sometimes cheaper at the drum and more expensive at the filter press, because calcium sulfate blinds the solid and because neutralisation produces 1.39 kg of gypsum per kg of acid while the hydrochloric route returns its chlorine through pyrohydrolysis.
The hazards that appear when two circuits meet are computed and drawn. Hydrogen at 0.40 Nm3 per kg of iron dissolved, and hydrogen cyanide from any cyanide stream reaching an acid bath, follow from the vessel’s position in the plant rather than its construction, so the extraction is interlocked and the drainage is segregated.

Service Process

1. Duty and sample review before any quotation. The solid, its particle size and size distribution, its contaminant and the mass per batch, the target rate, the acceptance figure and the discharge limits are reviewed against a representative sample, because every downstream decision follows from those inputs.

2. Bench work where the response is not documented. Where acid strength, temperature, contact time or endpoint is not established for a material, the campaign is proved at laboratory or pilot scale first, with the agitation varied deliberately so the suspension and attrition limits are measured rather than assumed.

3. Acid, material, temperature and agitator selection issued as a written basis. The strength window, bath temperature, material with its continuous service limit, excluded materials, the impeller type, diameter, speed and installed power with the attrition limit, and the turnover time against the contact time, each with the arithmetic behind it.

4. Mechanical and process design of the vessel as a package. Shell and wall schedule, lining and its test, bottom and drainage, nozzles and fittings, loading arrangement, heating, cover or hood, extraction interface, instrumentation and interlocks — issued as a drawing set rather than a purchase description.

5. Fabrication with the welding, lining and testing records. Thermoplastic welding to a written procedure with its test, lining with holiday or spark testing, hydrostatic testing of the assembled vessel and its connections, and a record naming the material used at each connection and surface.

6. Installation support, the separation drawing and commissioning on the customer’s own material. Foundation or support arrangement from the vessel’s real mass, piping to acid storage and the make-up station, drainage to the segregated and bunded route, and the drawing showing separation from any cyanide-bearing circuit; the first batch is then run and measured against the acceptance figure, with agitation and contact time adjusted on that evidence.

7. Operator training, handover documentation and the campaign record. How to charge the bath in the safe order, how to titrate and record, where the two ends of the agitation window are and what the extraction interlock will not allow; plus the material and wall schedule, welding and lining records, test certificates, the acid and temperature window, the titration and endpoint definitions and the spare-parts list.

8. Post-commissioning review and repeat supply. Acid consumption per tonne, removal achieved, metal loss, fines generated and sludge production are compared with what the specification predicted and differences corrected rather than explained; subsequent vessels for the same duty are then built to the corrected specification, so the plant’s pickling practice converges on a documented recipe.

Warranty And After-Sales Service

Warranty on the vessel, the fabricated joints and the rotating equipment. Shell, lining, welds and fabricated connections are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for the stated period, written against the acid, strength and temperature band the vessel was specified for, because a tank run outside its documented window is outside what any warranty can cover; drive, gearbox, shaft, impeller and heating assembly carry their own manufacturer’s warranty, and the boundary between a warranty item and a consumable is stated at order stage.
Wear-part replacement with stated life and lead time — gaskets, drain and valve components, impeller, shaft, linings in a lined vessel, eductor pump parts, filters, screens and heating components, each listed with an expected life against the duty, so a planned stop is not extended by a part that has to be made.
Remote and on-site support, inspection and repair rather than replacement. Acid strength, temperature, agitation and endpoint questions are answered against the vessel’s own documentation, so an operator facing a slow batch is told whether the answer is more acid, more temperature, more agitation or more time; scheduled inspection covers lining or shell, welds, headspace surfaces, shaft above the liquid line, hood and duct, drain and screens with a written condition report, and re-lining, section replacement, re-sleeving or re-balancing are supported.
Process support when the duty changes, and assessment of excursions. Where contaminant, strength, temperature or throughput changes, the settings are re-issued; and where the temperature has exceeded the material’s continuous limit, the strength has run above the specified window, a fluoride duty has entered a polypropylene vessel or cyanide-bearing material has been charged, the condition is assessed against that excursion specifically and reported with a repair or replacement recommendation.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a pickling agitation tank used for?

It contacts a solid with acid while keeping it moving, so every surface sees fresh acid. In a gold plant it removes calcium carbonate from activated carbon with 3 to 5 per cent hydrochloric acid; in metal finishing it descales steel with 10 to 30 per cent acid at up to about 60 °C. It also washes anode slime, leach residues and electronic scrap fractions.

What is the difference between a pickling agitation tank and a leaching agitation tank?

A leaching agitator holds ore in a slurry and dissolves the value into solution, so the solid is the source of the value. A pickling agitation tank removes something from the solid’s surface and leaves the solid as the product, in minutes to a couple of hours, and it carries an attrition limit a leaching tank does not have.

Which acid should be used in a pickling tank, hydrochloric or sulfuric?

Follow the contaminant. On carbonate, hydrochloric acid leaves calcium chloride in solution while sulfuric acid forms calcium sulfate, which is sparingly soluble and can blind the solid — 0.98 kg of sulfuric acid per kg of carbonate gives up to 1.72 kg of gypsum. Oxide scale takes either acid; copper takes sulfuric; stainless steel takes nitric and hydrofluoric acid, outside polypropylene.

Why is air agitation not recommended in a hydrochloric acid pickling tank?

Because it increases what leaves in the exhaust far more than it increases the pickling rate. Every bubble exposes a fresh film of acid to the headspace, loads itself with acid vapour and leaves, so acid loss rises with the air rate while speed barely changes. Published practitioner consensus is eductors or mechanical agitation, with rate set by temperature and concentration.

How is the agitator sized for a pickling tank?

Two conditions bound it. The lower is off-bottom suspension, the impeller speed at which no particle rests on the bottom, which the Zwietering correlation gives from particle size, the density difference between solid and liquid and the solids loading. The upper is the attrition or over-attack limit. Impeller type, diameter and speed sit inside those bounds, the power follows the impeller’s power number, and the flow is checked so circulation time stays shorter than the contact time.

How much acid does a pickling bath consume?

It can be calculated from the contaminant. Calcium carbonate consumes 0.73 kg of hydrochloric acid per kg, iron oxide scale 1.37 kg per kg, and iron metal 1.31 kg per kg with 0.40 Nm3 of hydrogen released; sulfuric acid on carbonate consumes 0.98 kg per kg. An excess is then added for the free-acid level and for acid lost with the load and the fume.

Which material should a pickling tank be made from?

From the acid and temperature read together. Polypropylene and PPH carry hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at industrial strengths inside their continuous service limit, which published fabricators put near 80 °C for a self-supporting wall. HDPE suits colder duties; PVDF takes hot, oxidising and fluoride duties and the usual fittings; FRP and dual laminate serve large vessels, and lined steel large aggressive duties.

Can a stainless steel pickling tank be used?

Only where the bath is dilute and cool. Austenitic grades 304 and 316 are subject to chloride stress-corrosion cracking in the region of 60 °C and above, and to pitting below it, so stainless is reasonable on a carbon acid wash at a few per cent hydrochloric acid and ambient to about 60 °C, and a mistake on a hot concentrated pickle.

What temperature can a polypropylene pickling tank run at?

Two figures circulate and both are published: about 100 °C as a material temperature and about 80 °C as a continuous, self-supporting service limit. They do not conflict, because the first is a material property and the second includes the wall’s own stiffness over years. Above the continuous limit the wall needs external support and a heavier specification.

How do you know when to change the pickling bath?

On two measurements, not one. The free acid titration says whether the bath can still dissolve the coating; the dissolved metal figure says whether it still will, because a bath can pass its titration while its dissolved iron has reached the level at which removal slows past the cycle time. The campaign ends on whichever is reached first.

What happens to the spent pickle liquor?

The destination belongs in the specification. Hydrochloric spent liquor is regenerated industrially by pyrohydrolysis, returning the chlorine as hydrochloric acid and the iron as an oxide. Sulfuric liquor is crystallised to copperas, where 1 kg of dissolved iron becomes about 5 kg of hydrated crystal. Where neither route exists the liquor is neutralised with lime, at about 1.02 kg per kg of hydrochloric acid or 0.76 kg per kg of sulfuric acid, giving a chloride load or 1.39 kg of gypsum per kg of acid.

How is acid mist controlled on an agitated pickling tank?

By extracting the headspace, sizing the extraction on the agitated case rather than the still-bath case, and choosing the agitation method with the vapour in mind. Published open-surface-tank ventilation practice gives a design capture velocity of roughly 0.25 to 0.5 m/s for an ordinary open tank, higher where the bath is agitated or hot. The duct is specified for wet acid vapour, and the extraction is interlocked.

Is a pickling agitation tank safe with cyanide-bearing carbon?

No. Cyanide and acid liberate hydrogen cyanide, and free cyanide begins to leave solution below about pH 9.2, so an acid vessel must never receive cyanide-bearing solids or liquor. In a gold plant the acid wash is separated from the cyanide circuit hydraulically and physically, and the separation is shown on the drawing, because a shared drainage line can undo it in one shift.

Why does a pickling tank generate hydrogen?

Because the acid attacks the metal as well as the scale. Once the scale has gone, iron dissolves and releases hydrogen at 0.40 Nm3 per kg of iron dissolved, straight from the part surface, where it can also cling to the work and cause the localised attack known as gas pitting. That is why the extraction is interlocked and the vessel is never left still with a load in it.

Can the same vessel do the acid wash and the rinse or neutralisation?

It can, and in many plants it does, but the materials still have to suit both duties. The acid side dictates the shell, the lining and the fittings; the rinse side is milder in acid terms and can be more aggressive in chloride or alkali terms. Where one vessel does both, the agitation usually changes as well, because air is acceptable in a rinse tank.

How is the acid wash of activated carbon different from metal pickling?

In what the product is and in what limits the agitation. On carbon the solid is the product and it is brittle, so attrition generates fines that carry adsorbed gold out of the circuit; the acid is dilute and the duty is a low-shear wash with about one bed volume of acid. On metal the acid is stronger and warmer, and over-pickling and pitting set the upper limit.

What is the smallest and the largest duty that makes sense for this vessel?

The threshold is not a size but four conditions: the contaminant has to respond to an acid the vessel can hold, the solid has to be suspendable at a speed inside its attrition limit, the acceptance figure has to be measurable, and the effluent route has to exist. A duty failing any of those is better served by a soak tank, a clean-in-place circulation, or an alkaline route.

Related equipment and processes: desorption and electrolysis system, carbon separator screen, multi-stage washing concentrator, double-impeller leaching agitator tank, air lifter, neutralisation reaction kettle, enameled reaction kettle, acidic and alkaline gas treatment equipment, flue gas absorption tower and gold refining process for the stages that receive the washed solid, the spent liquor and the extracted vapour.

Pickling Agitation Tank

Product Overview

Product Core Selling Points

Application Scenarios

Applicable Raw Materials

Finished Products

Pickling Agitation Tank Process Flow

Product Structure (Main Equipment)

Shell, lining and vapour space

Agitation, drive and internals

Acid handling, fume and effluent services

Product Features

Technical Parameters And Specifications

Acid, Material and Agitation Selection Matrix

Technical Advantages

Service Process

Warranty And After-Sales Service

Frequently Asked Questions

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